污染农田土壤修复产业发展面临的问题及建议

随着经济的发展,我国的农业建设也迎来了新的发展机遇,但是目前我国的农业发展过程中存在着严重的土壤污染问题,污染农田土壤修复的问题有待解决。本文围绕污染农田土壤修复这一问题展开研究,望有所助益。     

纳米零价铁和零价铁对餐厨垃圾暗发酵制氢过程铁离子和酶活性的影响

通过投加不同浓度的纳米零价铁(NZVI)和零价铁(ZVI),考察了暗发酵制氢过程中铁离子组成和浓度变化、氢化酶和脱氢酶活性,研究了2种添加剂强化餐厨垃圾高温((55±1)℃)暗发酵制氢的作用机制。结果表明:投加NZVI和ZVI均可提高餐厨垃圾暗发酵制氢性能;当投加100 mg·L~(-1) ZVI时,产氢效果最佳,最大产氢潜力和最大产氢速率分别为425.72 mL和66.32 mL·h~(-1),是投加NZVI实验组的1.64倍和1.34倍,代谢途径是以乙醇型发酵为主的混合型发酵;在投加NZVI和ZVI后,暗发酵制氢末端产物的Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)浓度升高,投加300 mg·L~(-1)NZVI和100 mg·L~(-1) ZVI实验组Fe2+浓度最大,是未投加实验组的2倍和1.87倍;与反应前相比,Fe~(2+)显著升高,Fe~(3+)由于微生物利用与转化浓度降低,同时可有效提高氢化酶活性。投加100 mg·L~(-1) ZVI不仅可提高氢化酶活性,还可提高脱氢酶活性。以上结果可为提高餐厨垃圾等复杂有机废物的高效能源化提供参考。     

国产铝合金表面涂层体系在多因素综合加速试验条件下的老化规律研究

研究了一种国产新型铝合金表面防护体系在多因素协同加速试验条件下的表面性能变化规律。涂层在0.01 Hz处的阻抗模值由初始的1.88×10~9 Ω下降为2.04×10~7 Ω。经历5个周期的户内多因素综合加速试验的过程中,2A97铝合金表面涂层体系的防护效果呈持续下降趋势,但5周期后尚未完全失效。     

微波消解和ASD消解ICP-MS测定土壤中重金属元素的比较

采用微波消解和ASD消解2种消解方式对不同土壤样品进行消解,ICP-MS测定其中重金属含量。微波和ASD2种消解方式均能够较好地提取土壤中的Cr、Co、Ni、Mn和V元素,实验结果的相对误差和相对标准偏差均≤10%,符合实验分析的要求。微波消解精密度优于ASD,可作为优先选择的前处理方法。     

Evaluating anthropogenic N inputs to diverse lake basins: A case study of three Chinese lakes

The environmental degradation of lakes in China has become increasingly serious over the last 30 years and eutrophication resulting from enhanced nutrient inputs is considered a top threat. In this study, a quasi-mass balance method, net anthropogenic N inputs (NANI), was introduced to assess the human influence on N input into three typical Chinese lake basins. The resultant NANI exceeded 10 000 kg N km⁻² year⁻¹ for all three basins, and mineral fertilizers were generally the largest sources. However, rapid urbanization and shrinking agricultural production capability may significantly increase N inputs from food and feed imports. Higher percentages of NANI were observed to be exported at urban river outlets, suggesting the acceleration of NANI transfer to rivers by urbanization. Over the last decade, the N inputs have declined in the basins dominated by the fertilizer use but have increased in the basins dominated by the food and feed import. In the foreseeable future, urban areas may arise as new hotspots for nitrogen in China while fertilizer use may decline in importance in areas of high population density.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0638-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

江苏省太湖流域水功能区纳污能力及限制排污总量研究

水功能区纳污能力及限制排污总量研究是制定区域水污染控制规划的基础。依据《江苏省地表水(环境)功能区划》,结合江苏省太湖流域现状水质和污染概况,针对河网区和湖库区分别采用一维、二维非稳态模型,计算江苏省太湖流域水功能区纳污能力,在此基础上,引入最大污染物入河量,核定50%、75%和90%水文保证率下的最大污染物入河量分别为2015年、2020年和2030年限排总量。结果表明:(1)CODMn和氨氮纳污能力分别为284 803 t/a和22 448 t/a;(2)2015年CODMn和氨氮限排总量分别为221 867 t/a和20 520 t/a,2020年和2030年限排总量递减,均小于纳污能力;(3)CODMn和氨氮入河量削减率分别为21.8%和46.3%,与水质超标率相差均在25%以内,基本相符。江苏省太湖流域纳污能力、限排总量、污染物入河量削减率和水质超标率之间关系合理,计算结果合理。研究成果为太湖流域水环境控制规划提供决策依据。     

通风口高度对太阳能烟囱建筑自然通风和自然排烟性能的影响研究

安装太阳能烟囱后的建筑具有效果优良、节能环保的自然通风系统。室内通风口高度是太阳能烟囱建筑性能的关键参数之一。提出通过改变太阳能烟囱建筑室内通风口高度位置,使太阳能烟囱既可用于建筑的日常自然通风,也能实现室内火灾场景下的自然排烟。利用缩比例实验台研究了不同室内通风口高度对太阳能烟囱建筑自然通风与自然排烟效果的影响,发现自然通风和自然排烟效果随通风口高度增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且最佳室内通风口高度位于窗户上檐位置附近。研究结果对太阳能烟囱建筑的建筑结构关键参数设计具有指导意义。     

环境监测点位“组合校验码”编码模型及编码管理系统设计

分析了环境监测点位编码管理中存在的问题,提出科学合理的编码应该是具有科学性、唯一性、稳定性、简明性、规范性、可扩展性等特点。设计了一种简单"组合校验码"模型来适应不同环境要素类型的环境监测工作需要。同时,设计了一套覆盖各层级环境监测机构,各种环境要素类型,适应市场化监测服务,满足不同点位管控类别的编码管理系统来支撑"组合校验码"模型的使用,通过该系统可以有效解决环境监测数据集成程度低、共享困难等问题。     

A panel study on the relationship between biofuels production and sustainable development

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources on which policy makers are greatly dependent on since it is a flexible feedstock capable of conversion into electricity, transport liquid fuels and heat by chemical and biological processes on demand. Though numerous publications have examined the relationship of economic growth with renewable energy and other parameters, biomass energy has never been included in these studies. Then, this study examines the causal relationship within a multivariate panel cointegration/error correction framework which combines the cross-section and time series data while allowing for heterogeneity across different provinces. After employing panel data regression model ranging from 2003 through 2012 to examine the relationships of biofuels production with sustainable development in China, the paper concludes that the development of biofuel energy production integrated with the consideration of the improvement of income per capita, and the attraction of more capital investment, does make a significant contribution to economic growth. However, some negative side effects including the increase of greenhouse emissions and the decrease of marginal land still coexist with the economic development. Of course, the importance of these findings lies on their implications and their adoption on strategic policies.